The Year Without a Summer refers to 1816, a year marked by severe climate abnormalities that led to significant global cooling. The primary cause was the massive eruption of Mount Tambora in Indonesia in April 1815. This eruption was one of the most powerful in recorded history, ejecting vast amounts of volcanic ash and sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere. The particles blocked sunlight, leading to a drop in global temperatures.The average global temperatures decreased by about 0.4–0.7°C (0.7–1°F) . This cooling effect led to unusual weather patterns, including snow in June and frost in August in various parts of the Northern Hemisphere. The abnormal weather caused widespread crop failures and food shortages. In New England, for example, snow fell in June, and frosts occurred in July and August. This led to what was known as "Eighteen Hundred and Froze to Death" and the "Poverty Year." The food shortages led to increased prices and economic hardship. Many families in New England and Europe faced starvation and were forced to migrate in search of better conditions. The crisis also contributed to social unrest and political changes. The gloomy weather and the hardships it caused influenced literature and art. Notably, the dark and stormy summer of 1816 inspired Mary Shelley to write "Frankenstein" while she was staying near Lake Geneva.