In 1945, book collector John Medcraft (1895-1951) privately published A Bibliography of the Penny Bloods of Edward Lloyd . One of the earliest bibliographies of the lurid fiction publications of penny press magnare Edward Lloyd (1815-90), Medcraft's Bibliography is incomplete and flawed but has profoundly influenced the study of penny fiction. It is also scarce: Medcraft had only 200 copies printed, and there is no open-access facsimile.