Nicolaus Copernicus
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By the time Copernicus was studying at the University of Padua (between 1501 and 1503) he had already made a series of observations and been highly influenced by books such as Epitoma in Almagestum Ptolemaei by Johann Müller and Disputationes adversus astrologianm divinatricenm by Giovanni Pico della Mirandola. These gave him the basis of challenging the status quo in his way of thinking, which would have played a critical role in enabling the mindset that led to his heliocentric hypothesis. Medicine was tied to astrology due to beliefs in the powers of the planets and a belief that they were able to affect the body and the way the body interacted with the world, so his hypotheses not only redefined the possibilities in space but also ideas concerning the human.