Warsaw

Warsaw is the capital city of Poland and is located on the Vistula river. Following the 1815 Congress of Vienna, Warsaw became the capital of Congress Poland, a constitutional monarchy under a personal union with Russia. The November Uprising against Russia in 1830 led to war between Russia and Poland in 1831, but Poland was defeated and its autonomy subsequently reduced. Further resistance to Russian rule in the early 1860s was suppressed. In 1939, the Germans invaded Warsaw and established the infamous Warsaw Ghetto. In 1944, during the 63-day-long Warsaw Uprising, the Polish underground resistance attempted to liberate Warsaw from German occupation. Nearly 16,000 Polish fighters were killed along with 150,000–200,000 Polish civilians.

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