The place in question is Nova Zembla, Russia.
Nova Zembla is significant to Jane Eyre because it was first mentioned on Page 10, "Nor could I pass unnoticed the suggestion of the bleak shores of Lapland, Siberia, Spitzbrgen, Nova Zembla, Iceland, Greenland with 'the vast sweep of the Artic Zone...". Nova Zembla is an island of Russia, deep in the Artic zone. This was mentioned as inspiration and planted the seeds of solitude that Jane Eyre felt early on and carried throughout the story. It imagines the picture of a cold, desolate lifestyle Jane left at Gateshead, but very vast, free, and beautiful at the same time.
This information comes from Rachel Weisbrot's blog, "Once Upon a Written Word" .
This location illustrates the bewildering, frozen wasteland that Nova Zembla demonstrates. Because of the nature and environment Nova Zembla is, it helps the audience understand the climate and experience Jane Eyre lived through early on in her journey. It shapes how empty and melancholy nature of the story.
Mapping this location on COVE reveals how Charlotte Bronte uses aspects of real world and geography to paint the picture of the sorrow, cold and depressing Jane Eyre's life is and the time in general. It deepens the feeling of the story and sets us up for the world ahead.