Jamaica is an island country located in the Carribean Sea. Jamaica was colonized as early as 1494, following the arrival of Christopher Columbus on behalf of the Spanish. The island remained occupied by Spain until it was conquered by the British in 1655. Whilst under British rule, the island became a leading exporter of sugar and its economy was dependent on African slaves. Even after the British emanicpated all slaves in 1838, indentured servent from India and China were used to work on plantations. The island gained its independence in 1962.
The Firth of Forth is an estuary located in the southern lowlands of Scottland. "Firth" is closely related to the word "fjord", which is an "narrow inlet" of water. The firth is populated by many small towns and industrial complexes. The firth is also home to some 90,000 birds every year that come to breed. Mentioned by Dorothy Wordsworth in Recollections in a tour made in Scottland, Wordsworth is aware of the firth's location on her way to Edinburgh. She says, "Arrived at Edinburgh a little before sunset.
Jamaica is an island country located in the Carribean Sea. Jamaica was colonized as early as 1494, following the arrival of Christopher Columbus on behalf of the Spanish. The island remained occupied by Spain until it was conquered by the British in 1655. Whilst under British rule, the island became a leading exporter of sugar and its economy was dependent on African slaves. Even after the British emanicpated all slaves in 1838, indentured servent from India and China were used to work on plantations. The island gained its independence in 1962.
Halifax, England is mentioned one time in Jean Rhys' Voyage in the Dark as her character explains, "But instead I started counting all the towns I had been to, the first winter I was on tour -- Wigan, Blackburn, Bury, Oldham, Leeds, Halifax, Huddersfield, Southport." She goes on to describe how all of these locaitons are painfully similar, leaving the audience with the impression that the narrator is not at all impressed with the English countryside.
Linlithgow is a town in West Lothian, Scotland. The town was a center of leather making before devloping rapidly when the Union Canal was opened in the 1820s. The arrival of the railway in 1842 furthered the town's development. It served as the county town until the Council moved to Livingston. Today, Linlithgow is focused more on hospitality and tourism.
Stirling is a centrally located town in Scotland that gained the title of the royal burgh in approximately the year 1130. Before the combining of the English and Scottish crowns, Stirling Castle was the esteemed home of the Scottish King. There are references to the magnificent castle throughout literature, including in "Recollections of a Tour Made in Scotland", where the narrator comments upon how "the Castle rock resembled that of Stirling".
Holyroodhouse is the monarch of Scotland's official place of residence. It is located in Edinburgh, and it was orginally founced in 1128 as a monastery. Today, however, it remains as a royal palace while simultaneously being open to the public. It is mentioned in the excerpts from Recollections of a Tour Made in Scotland, written by Dorothy Wordsworth. In the excerpt as they travel through Scotland, she walk through many streets that lead to Holyroodhouse. It is fitting that the estate is included in their journey as it is such a historic part of Scotland.
Jamaican immigrants are the focus of Colonization In Reverse. Unsurprisingly, Jamaica is referenced multiple times throughout the 11 stanza poem: “By de hundred, by de toucan / From country an af from town, / By de ship=load, by de plane-load / Jamaica is Englan bound / Dem a pour out a Jamaica / What an islan!”
