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ENG 272 LogoBritish Literature II: Revolution, Reaction, Reform examines British literature from the late eighteenth century to the present, a period that witnessed the American and French Revolutions, slave revolts such as the Haitian Revolution, a “revolution in female manners,” the Industrial Revolution, the twentieth-century revolutionary wave in Europe, as well as World War I and World War II, and, of course, artistic revolutions. We will consider how the authors and literary works of this period might be reacting to change, advocating for reform, or participating in literary revolutions—whether revolution is understood in the sense of “revolving” or of “revolting,” going full circle to return to a previous (more perfect?) time or experiencing/effecting a great alteration or rupture.

Access the works for annotations assignments in COVE Studio here: ENG 272, Fall 2025

The digital edition of Frankenstein for annotations and the map project can be found here: Mary Shelley, Frankenstein (1818)

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Posted by Grace Testerman on Friday, September 26, 2025 - 12:23

Appearance in Frankenstein: Ingolstadt is introduced in Chapter 2, Volume 1, when Victor explains: "When I had attained the age of seventeen my parents resolved that I should become a student at the university of Ingolstadt." The city becomes the site of Victor's education and, crucially, where he conducts his experiments and creates the creature. It represents Victor's departure from Geneva and his family's moral oversight.

Historical Context: Ingolstadt was a real Bavarian city whose university was founded in 1472. By Shelley's time, the university had actually been moved to Landshut in 1800, though it retained its historical reputation. For British readers in the 1810s-1830s, Ingolstadt carried several significant associations:

Conservative Catholic learning - As a Bavarian Catholic institution, it...

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Posted by Grace Testerman on Friday, September 26, 2025 - 11:46

Appearance in Frankenstein: St. Bernard's Well is mentioned alongside Arthur's Seat in Chapter 2, Volume 3, during Victor and Clerval's Edinburgh visit. While Clerval finds these sites fill him "with cheerfulness and admiration," Victor remains detached and "impatient to arrive at the termination of my journey" to the Orkney Islands where he will create the creature's mate.

Historical Context: St. Bernard's Well is a small neoclassical temple structure built in 1789 over a natural mineral spring in the Water of Leith valley, just outside Edinburgh's center. The temple features a statue of Hygieia, the Greek goddess of health and hygiene. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, mineral springs and wells were extremely fashionable throughout Britain and Europe for their supposed curative and restorative properties. Wealthy tourists would "take the waters" as both a...

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Posted by Grace Testerman on Friday, September 26, 2025 - 11:36

Appearance in Frankenstein: Arthur's Seat appears in Chapter 2, Volume 3, when Victor and Clerval visit Edinburgh. Victor describes viewing the city "with languid eyes and mind," while Clerval finds the "beauty and regularity of the new town of Edinburgh, its romantic castle and its environs" delightful. Arthur's Seat, along with St. Bernard's Well and the Pentland Hills, "compensated him for the change and filled him with cheerfulness and admiration." Victor, however, remains "impatient to arrive at the termination of my journey."

Historical Context: Arthur's Seat is an ancient volcanic formation and the main peak in Holyrood Park, rising 822 feet above Edinburgh. By Shelley's time, it was already a celebrated tourist destination and an essential stop on any visit to Scotland's capital. The dramatic geological feature, with its rugged cliffs and panoramic views,...

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Posted by Grace Testerman on Friday, September 26, 2025 - 11:17

 

Appearance in Frankenstein: The Black Sea appears in Chapter 7, Volume 3, as Victor pursues the creature across Europe. Victor follows the creature from the Rhone valley through the Mediterranean, ultimately tracking him to "a vessel bound for the Black Sea." This marks a crucial moment in Victor's obsessive chase, as the creature leads him ever further from civilization toward the remote edges of the known world.

Historical Context: In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the Black Sea represented the geographic and cultural boundary of familiar Europe for British readers. The region served as a gateway to Russia and the vast, mysterious expanses of Eastern Europe and Asia. For British audiences in the 18th and 19th Centuries, the Black Sea held particular significance due to:

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Posted by Makayla French on Thursday, September 25, 2025 - 15:15

In Rome is where Victor's creation observes the De Lacey family. He stays there outside of their home and watches them, that is how he learns how to speak. One day he goes inside the house to talk to the blind father but when the children come home he is beaten and runs off. This place is of significance because it was in association with the uprising of new ancient societies and the decline of others, which could parallel the creation's life because he was made and had to find a place in the world. The British had mixed feelings about Rome in the 1800s, with a strong respect for its classical past and a strong mistrust of its contemporary Catholic identity. The imperial era, religious conflicts, and the experiences of Grand Tour travelers all influenced British ideas. I learned that the British had a lot to think about Rome during this time. I also did not know that there was that much significance. 

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Posted by Makayla French on Thursday, September 25, 2025 - 15:04

The North Pacific Ocean pops up in the story because that is where Walton is hoping to sail to through the Arctic. It seemed to be his purpose through the book that nobody has been able to achieve before, to discover the unknown, which is a parallel to Victor's life obsessing over discovery and glory. With the wealthy marine fur trade, the search for a Northwest Passage, and the desire to control strategic territory were among the commercial and imperial goals that characterized British involvement in the North Pacific Ocean in the 1800s. The area was viewed as a crucial location for competition with the US and other European nations, as well as a gateway for trade with China. Through my research it seems like the British really wanted to find a passage through there to have fur trade, so it seems right that in Frankenstein there is a man who is so determined to find it. 

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Posted by Makayla French on Thursday, September 25, 2025 - 14:52

Gevena is the place of Victors home and birthplace. He lives there with his parents, little brother, Elizabeth, and his friend Henry Clerval. It is a place of innocence and childhood before he becomes obsessed with science and creates the monster. Once he does it becomes very glum due to the fact his little brother gets murdered and then Justine is blamed and killed for it. The past history of Geneva as a Protestant hub and the growing number of rich and middle-class British visitors who traveled there during the 1800s largely influenced British opinions of the city. Following the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars, Geneva emerged as a popular destination for tourists and expatriates looking for tranquil, neutral surroundings, scenic beauty, and intellectual stimulation. I would say by researching Geneva, I learned that it was a very good place to grow up. It was always there through Vitors life because his family was there. I think we as readers are supposed to see it as a nice...

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Posted by Allyn Reyes on Thursday, September 25, 2025 - 14:38

 

Archangel is north of Russia that was founded on 1584 and established in the 16th century, (or Arkhangelsk) the city’s name is named for being a place of God. The city is called after the archangel Michael. In the 18th century Archangel was a major port for the Russian trade. Along with it being a major city it was also a developing city. In the 19th century is when the city had its “revival” with the making of of railways. Archangel is in the book Frankenstein in the beginning of the novel with the captain and his journey to Archangel from St. Petersburg when he passes unexplored territory. As well in the book Frankenstein the name archangel is spoken about but in a different form where Marry Shelly compares the creature to the fallen archangels.

https://www.britannica.com/place/Arkhangelsk-Russia

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Posted by Abby Green on Thursday, September 25, 2025 - 14:30

Chamounix, now modernly known as Chamonix, was the birthplace of “Alpinism” which is the art of climbing high and rough terrain in mountain summits, during all seasons. This began with the first ascent of the neighboring Mont Blanc in 1786, which launched this Golden Age of mountaineering. Chamonix was a place where individuals sought challenge and inspiration for painting, writing and adventure.

Mary and Percey Shelly, and Mary’s cousin Claire Clairmont took some time to travel across France, Switzerland, Germany and more European counties, where she wrote her first published work, “The History of Six Weeks Tour” which holds journal entries and stories of the expeditions they took on vacation.

Romanticism had heavy themes of nature, so it makes sense why the Chamounix Valley makes an appearance in Frankenstein. The Frankenstein family traveled to the Chamounix area for vacation, and to lift their spirits after a troubling time after William’s murder, and Justine’s...

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