Munich is the capital city of the state of Bavaria in southern Germany. The city is located on the Isar river. The city was the center of the German counter reformation in the sixteenth century in response to the Protestant Reformation.
Berlin is the capital city of Germany, located in the northeastern part of the country. Prior to the unification of Germany in 1871 it was the capital of the Kingdom of Prussia.
The Punjab region stretches across parts of eastern Pakistan and northern India. As a cultural and geographical region, its borders are not formally defined. Punjab is home to the Golden Temple, a significant site in Sikhism, which originated in the region.
Peshawar is Pakistan’s oldest city, located in western Pakistan near the border with Afghanistan and the Khyber Pass. Peshawar has been controlled by the Mughal Empire, the Durrani Empire, the Sikhs, and the British. It became part of Pakistan in 1947.
Herat is a city in western Afghanistan, located in the valley of the Hari River. The Durrani Empire controlled Herat from 1747 until it became independent in 1824 during a split between the Durranis and the Barakzais.
Jalalabad is a city in eastern Afghanistan, located at the meeting point of the Kabul and Kunar rivers. The Mughal Empire controlled the city from 1560–1738, when the Durrani Empire took control. The city was invaded by British forces during the First and Second Anglo-Afghan Wars.
The Hindu Kush is a mountain range in Central Asia, stretching from central Afghanistan to northern Pakistan. The region has historical significance for Buddhism, containing sites such as the Bamiyan Buddhas.
The Pamir mountains are a mountain range in Central Asia. The Pamirs are located at the center of several well-known mountain ranges including the Himalayas and the Kindu Kush; their most significant peaks are located in Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, China, and Afghanistan.
The Durand Line marks the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan. It was established by British diplomat Sir Mortimer Durand and Abdur Rahman Khan, Amir of Afghanistan, in 1896.
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