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The mechanism inside the Salisbury Cathedral Clock.

Galileo's design for a pendulum clock. Although started before Huygen's design, it was never completed.

The First Commercial Quartz Wristwatch, developed by Suwa Seikosha (Seiko Epson) in 1969.

Another clockwork design by Leonardo da Vinci, which converts rotational motion into sliding motion.

Below is a physical model based on the drawings of da Vinci.

A functioning recreation of the Antikythera mechanism.

Leonardo da Vinci got visual inspiration from two main sketches; one from Francesco di Giorgio and Giacomo Andrea. They both were friends with da Vinci and met with him personally around Lombardy in 1490 and discussed their sketches. Francesco di Giorgio’s sketch of Vitruvian Man features a sketched semi-turned male figure enclosed within a perfect circle centered around the genitals. Giacomo Andrea's Vitruvian Man features a male figure enclosed in a circle and a square, but the body measurements are not as accurate as Vitruvian's original descriptions. 

Sources: ...

Annunciation is generally considered to be one of Leonardo’s earliest works. Dating from around 1472, this painting is made with tempera and oil on a wood panel. The left side of the composition is dominated by the archangel Gabriel who is seen kneeling and holding a bundle of white lilies, the symbol of the virgin. Opposite of Gabriel, Mary is seen acknowledging the arrival of the angel from behind a marble bench, where she was reading. The two figures are surrounded by an earthly environment and architectural elements that highlight the use of linear perspective. Leonardo completed this...

The Annunciation Triptych, also known as The Merode Altarpiece, is an oil painting made by the workshop of Netherlandish Renaissance painter Robert Campin, around 1427. The central panel features the biblical scene of the Archangel Gabriel appearing to tell Mary she will be the mother of Jesus. The event takes place in a contemporary Netherlandish interior, most likely similar to that of the home of the patron who used this for personal devotion. The scene is rich with detail and symbolism, characteristic of Netherlandish art. A small figure holding a cross can be seen gliding into the...

The front mortar is firing bombs that explode on impact into a cloud of metal shrapnel. The back mortar loaded with stones or small-caliber iron balls that are fired at the enemy like grape-shot. 

“Leonardo Da Vinci | MACHINES COLLECTON - COLLEZIONE DELLE MACCHINE.” LEONARDO3, www.leonardo3.net/leonardo/guerra_eng.php.

This picture was drawn around the 1510's and depicts the first correctly drawn fetus as it lies in the womb. Da Vinci sketched this picture without having access to a pregnant female or fetus cadaver. He used information from his cow dissections to reconstruct a human fetus, which explains why the uterus and spherical versus pear-shaped. Da Vinci use of black ink with a red chalk over lay "captures the human condition with a spiritual beauty that is at once unnerving and ennobling" as said by Walter Isaacson in Leonardo da Vinci  (2017). It is currently on display in the Royal...

Almost a century before the first telescope was invented, da Vinci was able to sketch a relativly accuracte depiction of the moon's surface.  He recognized that, rather than its surface being smooth, the moon has many "spots" that cover its exterior.  He mentions in a notebook entry that his reasoning stems from the difference in appearence of the moon when examining it from different perspectives, such as east and west, while analyzing it from the same perspective, the appearence remains the same. It should also be noted that his entries make no note of lunar crators, so the origion of...

As seen in “The Virgin of the Rocks,” Leonardo da Vinci’s insights on geology contributed to the realism of his work. This painting depicts Madonna, child Jesus, infant John the Baptist, and an angel in a rocky setting reminiscent of the mountains in northeastern Italy. Leonardo’s studies on geology allowed him to create a three dimensional space and depth in the painting. Linear perspective is created by contrasting the jagged rocks in the cave and the hazy mountains in the distance.

Brunelleschi was the main designer, engineer, and architect of the Florence Duomo. He was the master of his time, so it is no surprise that Leonardo looked up to him heavily. This sketch comes from Leonardo's notebook and dissects the main components of Brunelleschi's reversible hoist. This is thought to be the main machine that hoisted material to the top of the duomo, making it safe to infer that Leonardo worked closely with Verrocchio and therefore Brunelleschi on the construction of the duomo and its lantern.

Attribution: ...

This image depicts a sketch of Leonardo da Vinci's design for the first machine gun. It was known as a 33-barreled organ since the barrels of the gun resembled the pipes of an organ. The barrels of the gun were mounted on a revolving triangular piece. The idea was that simulatenously the first side would fire, the second side would cool down, and the third side would be loaded. Da Vinci was commissioned to create this piece by Cesare Borgia. The exact date of the piece is not known, but it is known that da Vinci was a patron of Borgia from 1502 to 1503.

“Progetto Organico Leonardo...

Leda and the Swan was originally a painting completed by Leonardo da Vinci around 1507. The painting depicts the story of Leda and the Swan and is an example of da Vinci's finest paintings of plants. The original was lost, but many copies were made such as this one by Francesco Melzi. The painting is now located in the Uffizi gallery.

Image from Wikimedia Commons, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leda_Melzi_Uffizi.jpg and within the public domain and fair use.

This is an image of the design for da Vinci's "flotation device" or parachute. Near it was the following statement:  "if a man has a tent made of linen of which the apertures [openings] have all been stopped up, and it be twelve braccia [about 23 feet] across and twelve in depth, he will be able to throw himself down from any great height without suffering any injury." It was found in one of his notebooks dated 1483. 

Image Source:
Leonardo Da Vinci's Life. (n.d.). Retrieved May 11, 2019, from http://www.davincilife....

The use of a palette when painting becmae popular in the 15th century when the use of oil paint as a medium grew. Oil paint is made by mixing pigment in with oil, commonly linseed oil. Originally oil paints were only made originally in a few colors, meaning artisit would have to mix small amounts of these colors on thier own to make new shades. This mixing was done on a wooden palette that was mobile and easy to bring around the studio with them. 

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_painting

Image source: ...

This is a portrait of Cesare Borgia. Cesare was the son of Pope Alexander VI and the commander in chief of the papal army. From 1502 to 1503, Leonardo was a patron of Borgia during which da Vinci sketched his ideas for the machine gun.

“Cesare Borgia.” Wikipedia Commons, 8 May 2014, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cesareborgia.jpg.

These sketches of a self-supporting arched bridge are found in Manuscript L of da Vinci’s Paris Manuscripts. They demonstrate da Vinci’s incredible engineering acumen; though untrained, he intuitively discerned that a parabolic arch with a wide base would offer more support than the designs of other bridges at the time. Though da Vinci gave measurements for the bridge’s length and height, these dimensions were never confirmed or modified because the design was never implemented. It is likely that these sketches were completed in approximately 502 CE, as he sent his letter to Sultan Beyazid...

This small apparatus of wooden boards surrounding a centralized hole to contain torsion fibers for the torsion catapult were important in not only the development of the catapult, but also mathematical theory as the "cube-root problem" to determine the relationship between the diameter of the bundles of torsion fibers and dimensions of the catapult's main structural materials was proposed and later solved due to this scaling conundrum.  This mathematical feat is commonly overlooked by today's statistical approximations and regression lines which...

This is a portrait of Luca Pacioli with geometry equipment and an unknown figure in the background. An important feature to note is the suspended rhombicuboctahedron in the top left corner. This is the first appearance of the polyhedron (which has eight triangular faces and eighteen square faces) in a painting; notice that this painting was done before the publication of da Vinci’s geometric sketches. Since the rhombicuboctahedron is a rather complicated polyhedron, Barbari’s attempt at portraying it is imperfect; it is difficult to make out the individual faces and get a sense of the...

This image is a sketch of a woodcut for an “elevated icosidodecahedron”; this shape was first sketched by da Vinci in De Divina Proportione. A polyhedron is “elevated” by augmenting each of its faces with a pyramid. This notion of elevation is a reflection of da Vinci’s fascination with the relationship of shapes to one another and the continuity of geometric figures. It is important to note that da Vinci was the first to sketch the icosidodecahedron, both in its standard and elevated form.

Source (for image and information):

Hart, George W. “Leonardo Da...

Although da Vinci’s geometric sketches ultimately did not have that great of a mathematical impact, several mathematicians still take inspiration from his work. One such mathematician is George Hart, who combined computer, math, and art in his interdisciplinary research on the creation of new polyhedra. These new types of polyhedra are called symmetrohedra, and the process for generating them is called the “propeller operation.” The propeller operation works by expanding a pre-existing polyhedron and introducing new shapes in the space between these separated faces.

Source (for...

These sketches show some of Leonardo da Vinci’s designs that could be incorporated into roofs, domes, or other structures. Unlike most other architectural designs during da Vinci’s time, these designs contained complex patterns of reciprocating structures; as a result, da Vinci claims for one design that “the arch stays without any force at all.” Though not put into practice, these designs illustrate da Vinci’s role as a visionary engineer and architect who was unafraid to break away from the status quo - as also evidenced by his design for a self-supporting arched bridge. They were a part...

Along with Da Vinci's study of anatomy, he also studied the faces of many warriors. The significance of this particular warrior sketch lies in its ties to the Colleoni equestrian statue warrior. The facial features match those of Colleoni atop the horse, signaling Da Vinci's influence on Verrocchio's Colleoni monument (Kulenovic and von Platen).

In all of Da Vinci's sketches for his Sforza monument, he incorporated both art and engineering. The detail of the muscles on the horse’s legs produce a life-like effect and demonstrate its belonging to the Renaissance period. The lines in the background and in the chest of the horse demonstrate his close attention to the placement of each part of the horse, so it remains structurally stable and can be cast into bronze with one pour. The sketch depicted represents Da Vinci’s third main idea for the monument and ultimately the design created into the clay model (Ahl, 1995).

This map was drawn by a Vinci under the service of Cesare Borgia. It features a realistic depiction of the city Imola that still exists today.

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published (or registered with the U.S. Copyright Office) before January 1, 1923. Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.

Source: “Leonardo Da Vinci (Vinci 1452-Amboise 1519) - A Map of Imola.” Royal Collection Trust,...

One of the first maps to use the word America, this is a highly accurate map for Da Vinci's time. While Europe is enlarged, the other aspects of this map are mostly correct.

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published (or registered with the U.S. Copyright Office) before January 1, 1923. Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons. 

“Leonardo Da Vinci's Mappamundi.” ODT Maps,...

Slawomir Zubryzycki is the builder and player of the only modern viola organista. Internal images and details are scarce, as this is the only instrument of its kind. However, it is easy to make out many details here, especially in relation to a concert piano. The keyboard and string layouts are very similar to a standard piano, with shorter, higher-pitched strings starting on the right that decrease in pitch by increasing in length as one moves to the left. The major difference is the appearance of large wheels behind the keyboard, as these are what bow the strings and allow the viola...

This is one of the first models of Leonardo da Vinci's parachute. This version was constructed by Katarina Ollikainen and tested by Adrian Nicholas in 2000.

Source:
Orton, D. C. (2004, March 29). Parachute. Retrieved from http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/leonardo/parachute.html

A digital reconstruction of the Last Supper reveals what the painting may have looked like just after completion. 

Image Source:

Bando, K. (2016). Digital Reconstruction of The Last Supper. [Image]. Retrieved from http://www.leonardoresearch.com/The%20Last%20Supper.html

After numerous restorations and attempts to preserve da Vinci's painting, this is what remains. 

Image Source:

Da Vinci, L. (1498) The Last Supper. [Painting] Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Supper_(Leonardo)

One of the most important paintings relating to the Mona Lisa is the Mona Lisa del Prado. The painting was most likely made by an apprentice of Leonardo’s, either attributed to Salai or Francesco Melzi, and it was made concurrently with the original. Due to its superior upkeep, it has retained its coloring, offering a glimpse of what the Mona Lisa might have looked like closer to the time of da Vinci.

"Work Mona Lisa – Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, Wife of Francesco Del Giocondo." Mona Lisa – Portrait of Lisa...

The Mona Lisa was extremely popular with da Vinci’s contemporaries, especially the younger Raphael. “The young Raphael, …, immediately adopted the compositional format of the older master and established, on the basis of the Mona Lisa, a type of portraiture that was to hold good for decades” (Zllner 161). Raphael’s Young Woman with a Unicorn is very similar to the Mona Lisa in this way, such as the position of the woman and similar facial features.

Zollner, Frank, and Johannes Nathan. Leonardo Da Vinci: The Complete Paintings and Drawings. Koln:...