Timeline: ENGL 334 No Dead White Men

Created by Kate Oestreich on Mon, 08/24/2020 - 16:41

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This timeline highlights historical, political, social, and cultural events related to women, colonialism, and enslavement.

Timeline

First settlers depart for Sierra Leone

9 Apr 1787

On 9 April 1787, 451 people set sail to establish a “Province of Freedom” in Africa, later to become Sierra Leone. Image: An illustration of liberated slaves arriving in Sierra Leone, from the 1835 book, A System of School Geography Chiefly Derived from Malte-Brun, by Samuel Griswold Goodrich. This image is in the public domain in the United States as its copyright has expired.

Articles

Isaac Land, “On the Foundings of Sierra Leone, 1787-1808″

Date	Event	Created by
1 Dec 1867	Clerkenwell Prison bombing A bomb planted by Irish Fenians at Clerkenwell Prison in London exploded on 13 December 1867, killing over a dozen people and injuring many more. Related Articles Sarah Winter, “On the Morant Bay Rebellion in Jamaica and the Governor Eyre-George William Gordon Controversy, 1865-70″	David Rettenmaier	Clerkenwell Prison in London
Nov 1869	Suez Canal opens The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 established a far shorter and more efficient route for trade and traffic between Europe and Asia. It also gave new strategic importance to Egypt and East Africa, making knowledge and control of the interior a matter of greater urgency for various states. Image: NASA image of the Suez Canal, taken by MISR satellite on January 30, 2001. This image is in the public domain because it was created by NASA. NASA copyright policy states that "NASA material is not protected by copyright unless noted." Related Articles Dane Kennedy, "The Search for the Nile"	David Rettenmaier	Suez Canal Mumbai
9 Aug 1870	1870 Married Women's Property Act On 9 August 1870, the Married Women’s Property Act was passed. Image: The Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. This Act established limited protections for some separate property for married women, including the right to retain up to £200 of any earning or inheritance. Before this all of a woman's property owned before her marriage, as well as all acquired after the marriage, automatically became her husband's alone. Only women whose families negotiated different terms in a marriage contract were able to retain control of some portion of their property. Articles Rachel Ablow, "On the Married Woman's Property Act, 1870" Related Articles Kelly Hager, “Chipping Away at Coverture: The Matrimonial Causes Act of 1857″ Jill Rappoport, “Wives and Sons: Coverture, Primogeniture, and Married Women’s Property” Anne Wallace, “On the Deceased Wife’s Sister Controversy, 1835-1907″	David Rettenmaier	Palace of Westminster
2 Jul 1872	Stanley finds Livingstone On 2 July 1872, Henry Morton Stanley finds Dr. David Livingstone in Africa. Image: Thomas Annan, Photograph of Stanley Livingstone. This image is in the public domain in the United States because its copyright has expired. On 2 July 1872, the New York Herald reported news of the meeting between Henry Morton Stanley and Dr. David Livingstone in Africa. The Scottish missionary had been out of contact for nearly three years when Stanley traveled to Africa in search of him. The meeting took place at Ujiji in either October or November 1871 (the precise date is unknown). The meeting was one of the most sensational news stories of the nineteenth century. Stanley’s greeting “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” is still a well known phrase. The meeting turned public attention to the African slave trade and was a pivotal moment in the relationship among the United States, Europe, and Africa. Articles Matthew Rubery, "On Henry Morton Stanley's Search for Dr. Livingstone, 1871-72" Related Articles Dane Kennedy, "The Search for the Nile"	David Rettenmaier	Lincoln, NE Nyangwe Ujiji
25 Dec 1872	Buswell murdered On 24-25 December 1872, a man murdered Harriet Buswell in her home. The perpetrator was never apprehended. Image: Police request for help in the Buswell murder. This image is in the public domain in the United States because its copyright has expired. Articles Marlene Tromp, “A Priori: Harriet Buswell and Unsolved Murder Before Jack the Ripper, 24-25 December 1872″	David Rettenmaier	Whitechapel
1874 to 1877	Stanley expedition to Africa 1874-77 are the inclusive dates of Henry Morton Stanley's transcontinental expedition. This remarkable expedition resolved the major questions surrounding the source of the Nile. Stanley circumnavigated Lake Victoria, confirming John Hanning Speke’s claim that the Nile exited from its northern shore. He then circumnavigated Lake Tanganyika, disproving speculation that it provided an alternative tributary to the Nile. Finally, he followed the course of the Lualaba river, demonstrating that it flowed into the Congo, which he took to its outlet in the Atlantic. Image: Photograph of Sir Henry Morton Stanley from The Autobiography of Sir Henry Morton Stanley (1890). This image is in the public domain in the United States as its copyright has expired. Note that the exact month of the beginning and end of this expedition is difficult to determine. Articles Dane Kennedy, "The Search for the Nile"	David Rettenmaier	Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika, Africa
8 Feb 1876	Victoria opens parliament On 8 February 1876, Victoria opened Parliament for the first time since Albert's death (1861) and announced that the Royal Titles Bill will be introduced into Parliament. Image: George Hayter, State portrait of Queen Victoria, 1860 (oil on canvas), from the Government Art Collection of the United Kingdom. This image is in the public domain in the United States because its copyright has expired. Related Articles Julie Codell, “On the Delhi Coronation Durbars, 1877, 1903, 1911″	David Rettenmaier	Buckingham Palace
1 Jun 1876 to 1 Jun 1878	Great Indian Famine of 1876–78 [caption id="attachment_3198" align="aligncenter" width="700"] The last of the herd. Author: Horace Harral[/caption]In 1876-8, somewhere between six and eleven million people died in southern and western India of starvation and other famine-related conditions. These estimates are taken from: Davis, Mike. Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World. London: Verso, 2002. Print. pp. 7. Related Articles Kathleen Frederickson, "British Writers on Population, Infrastructure, and the Great Indian Famine of 1876-8"	David Rettenmaier	Southern and Western India
1 Jan 1883	1882 Married Women's Property Act 1882 Married Women's Property Act passed on 1 Jan 1883. Referred to as the 1882 MWPA, the Act came into effect at the beginning of 1883. Although still identifying some married women's property as "separate," this Act significantly increased the scope and protections for married women's acquisition and retention of property separate from their husbands. Image: The Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Articles Jill Rappoport, “Wives and Sons: Coverture, Primogeniture, and Married Women’s Property” Anne Wallace, “On the Deceased Wife’s Sister Controversy, 1835-1907″ Related Articles Rachel Ablow, “‘One Flesh,’ One Person, and the 1870 Married Women’s Property Act”	David Rettenmaier	Palace of Westminster
4 Jan 1884	Fabian Society founded On 4 January 1884, Fabian Society was founded. The Fabian Society was committed to gradualism, electoralism, and “progressive” imperialism. Image: The tortoise is the symbol of Fabian Society, representing its goal of gradual expansion of socialism. This image is in the public domain in the United States as its copyright has expired. Articles Eleanor Courtemanche, “On the Publication of Fabian Essays in Socialism, December 1889″ Related Articles Florence Boos, “The Socialist League, founded 30 December 1884″	David Rettenmaier
4 May 1886 to 14 Oct 1886	Colonial and Indian Exhibition The Colonial and Indian Exhibition opened in South Kensington on 4 May 4 1886, lasted over six months, and accommodated 5.5 million visitors. Image: “Woodcarvers (Courtyard of Indian Palace).” “Colonial Indian Exhibition: The Indian Empire.” Illustrated London News 17 July 1886: 84. Courtesy of the Bowdoin College Library, Brunswick, Maine. Featuring extravagant displays from British colonial holdings, the exhibit was organized by the Prince of Wales as an “imperial object lesson” in England’s power and grandeur. Articles Aviva Briefel, "On the 1886 Colonial and Indian Exhibition" Related Articles Audrey Jaffe, "On the Great Exhibition" Anne Helmreich, "On the Opening of the Crystal Palace at Sydenham, 10 June 1854" Anne Clendinning, “On The British Empire Exhibition, 1924-25″ Erika Rappaport, “Object Lessons and Colonial Histories: Inventing the Jubilee of Indian Tea”	David Rettenmaier	South Kensington
1 Jan 1887	Year of Jubilee The 1887 Year of Jubilee was a celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the reign of Queen Victoria. Image: George Hayter, State portrait of Queen Victoria, 1860 (oil on canvas), from the Government Art Collection of the United Kingdom. This image is in the public domain in the United States because its copyright has expired. Related Articles Erika Rappaport, “Object Lessons and Colonial Histories: Inventing the Jubilee of Indian Tea”	David Rettenmaier	Buckingham Palace
Apr 1887	Indian/Ceylon tea surpasses Chinese imports In April 1887, Indian and Ceylon tea surpasses Chinese imports in the British domestic market. Image: Taken from Reade, _Tea and Tea Drinking_ (1884), p. 89. This image is in the public domain in the United States as its copyright has expired. Related Articles Erika Rappaport, “Object Lessons and Colonial Histories: Inventing the Jubilee of Indian Tea”	David Rettenmaier	Assam Sri Lanka Darjeeling
1 Nov 1887	Bloody Sunday On 13 November 1887, “Bloody Sunday” occurred. Police charged against socialists after a Trafalgar Square protest against unemployment and the Irish Coercion Acts; 75 were wounded. At another Trafalgar Square protest on November 20, a bystander, Alfred Linnell, was trampled by a police horse and later died of wounds. Image: Bloody Sunday, 1887. This engraving from the The Illustrated London News depicts a policeman being clubbed by a demonstrator as he wrests a banner from a female protester. Articles Florence Boos, “The Socialist League, founded 30 December 1884″	David Rettenmaier	Trafalgar Square, London
Jul 1888	London Matchgirls' Strike In July 1888, the London Matchgirls' Strike occurred. Related Articles Heidi Kaufman, “1800-1900: Inside and Outside the Nineteenth-Century East End”	David Rettenmaier
Aug 1888	Bloomsbury Socialist Society formed On 20 May 1888, the parliamentary group of the Socialist League lost a vote on their proposal to contest elections. The group led by Edward Aveling, Eleanor Marx, A. K. Donald and others seceded from the Socialist League August 1888 to form the Bloomsbury Socialist Society. Image: Cover of the Manifesto of the Socialist League, 1885. Published prior to 1923, public domain. Digital image from the Tim Davenport collection, no copyright claimed. Articles Florence Boos, “The Socialist League, founded 30 December 1884″	David Rettenmaier	Bloomsbury
Aug 1888 to Sep 1889	Jack the Ripper murders From August 1888 to September 1889, the serial killer known as the Whitechapel Murderer or Jack the Ripper stalked women living in the East End of London. Related Articles Heidi Kaufman, “1800-1900: Inside and Outside the Nineteenth-Century East End” Marlene Tromp, “A Priori: Harriet Buswell and Unsolved Murder Before Jack the Ripper, 24-25 December 1872″	David Rettenmaier	Whitechapel
25 Jul 1890	Western Australian Constitution Act On 25 July 1890, the British parliament passed the Western Australian Constitution Act, 1889 (52 Vict. No. 23), including Section 70 which attempted to protect and support the welfare of Aboriginal people. Image: Coat of Arms of Australia. This image is in the public domain in the United States as its copyright has expired. Articles Ann Curthoys, “Settler Self-Government versus Aboriginal Rights, 1883 – 2001: The Shocking History of Section 70 of the Western Australian Constitution”	David Rettenmaier	Palace of Westminster Western Australia Rottnest Island Perth New South Wales Victoria Queensland Meekatharra Adelaide
Jan 1892	"The Yellow Wallpaper" In January 1892, Charlotte Perkins Gilman published her semi-autobiographical short story, “The Yellow Wallpaper,” in the New England Magazine. The tale’s heroine is a depressed new mother who goes mad while enduring a modified Rest Cure. Gilman herself underwent the Rest Cure in 1887 at the hands of Philadelphia neurologist Silas Weir Mitchell, who is briefly mentioned in the story. Image: Photograph of Silas Weir Mitchell, 1881. This image is in the public domain in the United States because its copyright has expired. Articles Anne Stiles, “The Rest Cure, 1873-1925″	David Rettenmaier
17 Jan 1893	Queen Lili‘uokalani Deposed On 17 January 1893, the self-appointed Committee of Safety, comprised mostly of business interests, seized control of the government building in Hawaii and was recognized by U.S. Minister John Stevens as the de facto government of the islands. Queen Lili‘uokalani was thus deposed. Image: Photograph of Liliuokalani taken in 1891 at the beginning of her reign at Iolani Palace (source: University of California Libraries). This work is in the public domain in its country of origin and other countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 70 years or less. Articles Stephen Hancock, “On the Overthrow of the Hawaiian Monarchy, 1893″	David Rettenmaier	O'ahu
1 May 1893 to 30 Oct 1893	Columbian Exhibition, Chicago From 1 May 1893 to 30 October 1893, the Columbian Exhibition was held in Chicago. The exhibition had a Women’s Pavilion and the World’s Congress of Representative Women was held there on 15 May 1893. Articles Meaghan Clarke, “1894: The Year of the New Woman Art Critic” Carol Senf, “‘The Fiddler of the Reels’: Hardy’s Reflection on the Past”	David Rettenmaier	Chicago
1894	"New Aspect of the Woman Question" In March 1894, Sarah Grand's “The New Aspect of the Woman Question” was published. The essay in North American Review, vol.158, no.448, March 1894, pp.270–6 has been credited with identifying the "New Woman." Articles Meaghan Clarke, “1894: The Year of the New Woman Art Critic”	David Rettenmaier
May 1894	Story of a Modern Woman In May 1894, Ella Hepworth Dixon's The Story of a Modern Woman was published. It is the best-known New Woman novel and draws on Dixon's own experiences supporting herself as a journalist. Articles Meaghan Clarke, “1894: The Year of the New Woman Art Critic”	David Rettenmaier
27 Jun 1894	End of the 3-Volume Novel On 27 June 1894, Mudie’s Select Library and W. H. Smith’s, the largest of the private circulating libraries that provided many Victorians with their reading material, issued simultaneous announcements specifying the new terms on which they would buy novels from publishers, beginning in the next calendar year. This change spelled the effective end of the 3-volume system; whereas 112 three-volume works were published in 1894, only two were published in 1897. Image: "Going to Mudie's," London Society v.16, no. 95, Nov. 1869. This image is in the public domain in the United States as its copyright has expired. Articles Richard Menke, “The End of the Three-Volume Novel System, 27 June 1894″	David Rettenmaier
Apr 1895 to May 1895	Trials of Oscar Wilde The trials of Oscar Wilde, which occurred in April and May of 1895, have become legendary as a turning-point in the history of public awareness of homosexuality. By their close, Wilde had gone from being a triumphantly successful playwright to a ruined man, condemned to two years of hard labor for gross indecency. They garnered extensive coverage first in the London press and then in newspapers around the world; the story of the trials continues to be retold in ways that have persistent relevance for contemporary queer culture. Image: Photograph of Oscar Wilde, by Napoleon Sarony. This image is in the public domain in the United States because its copyright has expired. Articles Andrew Elfenbein, “On the Trials of Oscar Wilde: Myths and Realities”	David Rettenmaier	Tite Street Cimetière de Bagneux Hôtel d’Alsace Clark Memorial Library The Dancer's Reward, Illustration for Salome
20 Feb 1896	Theatrograph On 20 February 1896, Robert W. Paul exhibits his moving-image projection, the “Theatrograph,” at Finsbury Technical College in London. This was the most successful British equivalent of the French film projector, dubbed the “Cinématographe.” The Cinématographe was exhibited the previous year, 1895, by Auguste and Louis Lumière. Paul’s machine was later renamed the “Animatograph.” Image: Screenshot from Robert W. Paul's film Blackfriars Bridge (1896), exhibited at the Alhambra Music Hall in Leicester Square in 1896. This image is in the public domain in the United States because its copyright has expired. Article Garrett Stewart, "Curtain Up on Victorian Popular Cinema; Or, The Critical Theater of the Animatograph"	David Rettenmaier	Finsbury Technical College, London
25 Mar 1896	Animatograph On 25 March 1896, Robert W. Paul exhibits his moving-image projection, renamed the “Animatograph,” at the Alhambra Music Hall in Leicester Square. This moving-image projector was originally named the “Theatograph” at an earlier unveiling on 20 February 1896. Paul’s machine was the most successful British equivalent of the French film projector, dubbed the “Cinématographe.” The Cinématographe was exhibited the previous year, 1895, by Auguste and Louis Lumière. Image: Screenshot from Robert W. Paul's film Blackfriars Bridge (1896), exhibited at the Alhambra Music Hall in Leicester Square in 1896. This image is in the public domain in the United States because its copyright has expired. Articles Garrett Stewart, "Curtain Up on Victorian Popular Cinema; Or, The Critical Theater of the Animatograph"	David Rettenmaier	Alhambra Music Hall in Leicester Square
Oct 1897 to Nov 1897	"Beauty and Ugliness" Vernon Lee (Violet Paget) and Clementina (“Kit”) Anstruther-Thomson first published “Beauty & Ugliness,” a work of “anthropomorphic aesthetics,” in the October/November numbers of the Contemporary Review. Later published as Beauty & Ugliness and Other Studies in Psychological Aesthetics (London: John Lane, 1912). Image: Photograph of Vernon Lee (Violet Paget), author unknown. This image is in the public domain in the United States because its copyright has expired. Articles Rae Greiner, “1909: The Introduction of the Word ‘Empathy’ into English” Related Articles Suzanne Keen, “‘Altruism’ Makes a Space for Empathy, 1852″	David Rettenmaier
11 Dec 1897	Aborigines Act 1897 of Western Australia 11 December 1897 saw the Royal assent to the Aborigines Act 1897 of Western Australia (61 /Vict. No. 5), in which the provisions of Section 70 of the Western Australian Constitution Act were repealed. Section 70 had sought to protect and support the welfare of Aboriginal people. Image: Coat of Arms of Australia. This image is in the public domain in the United States as its copyright has expired. Articles Ann Curthoys, “Settler Self-Government versus Aboriginal Rights, 1883 – 2001: The Shocking History of Section 70 of the Western Australian Constitution”	David Rettenmaier	Palace of Westminster Western Australia Rottnest Island Perth New South Wales Victoria Queensland Meekatharra Adelaide
11 Oct 1899 to 31 May 1902	Second Boer War On 11 Oct 1899, war was declared between Britain and the Transvaal Republic and Orange Free State, two independent Boer nations in southern Africa. The Treaty of Vereeniging concluded the Second Boer War on 31 May 1902. The fighting had resulted in c. 45,000 British military casualties and around 40,000 combined military and civilian casualties among the Boers. Eight years later in 1910, the Union of South Africa made the region a dominion of the British Empire. Image: Walter Crane, “Stop the War,” page 297, The War Against War in South Africa, 23 February 1900, wood engraving, courtesy of Yale University. Articles Jo Briggs, “The Second Boer War, 1899-1902: Anti-Imperialism and European Visual Culture”	David Rettenmaier	South Africa KwaZulu Natal Province
Jun 1901	Hobhouse report on Second Boer War Following a June 1901 report to the British government by Emily Hobhouse, news of high mortality rates among Boer women and children displaced by the scorched earth policy of the British army and placed in concentration camps began to appear in European newspapers, adding to the international outcry against the war. After the war, it was estimated that approximately 28,000 Boer civilians lost their lives in the camps through starvation, disease, and exposure. Image: Walter Crane, “Stop the War,” page 297, The War Against War in South Africa, 23 February 1900, wood engraving, courtesy of Yale University. Articles Jo Briggs, “The Second Boer War, 1899-1902: Anti-Imperialism and European Visual Culture”	David Rettenmaier	KwaZulu Natal Province
Jan 1905	A Dark Lantern In 1905, Elizabeth Robins, a well-known actress and feminist, published a novel about the Rest Cure called A Dark Lantern. (Exact month of publication unknown; if you have information about the correct date, please email felluga@purdue.edu with this information.) The novel fictionalized aspects of Robins’ own rest cure in 1903, including her infatuation with her physician, Dr. Vaughn Harley. Image: Albumen of Elizabeth Robins, circa 1890s, by W&D Downey, London. This image is in the public domain in the United States because its copyright has expired. Articles Anne Stiles, “The Rest Cure, 1873-1925″	David Rettenmaier
28 Aug 1907	Deceased Wife's Sister's Marriage Act Deceased Wife's Sister's Marriage Act passed on 28 Aug 1907. Although there are minor clauses and clarifications, the Act's opening and primary clause is simply this: "[n]o marriage heretofore or hereafter contracted between a man and his deceased wife’s sister, within the realm or without, shall be deemed to have been or shall be void or voidable, as a civil contract, by reason only of such affinity." Image: The Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Articles Anne Wallace, “On the Deceased Wife’s Sister Controversy, 1835-1907″	David Rettenmaier	Palace of Westminster
1 Aug 1910	Death of Florence Nightingale On 13 August 1910, Florence Nightingale passed away at the age of ninety due to heart failure. Although invalided since the Crimean War, Florence Nightingale’s fame continued to grow throughout her lifetime. Newspapers across the English-speaking world covered her passing with great interest. Image: Photograph of Florence Nightingale (1858). This image is in the public domain in the United States as its copyright has expired. Articles Lara Kriegel, “On the Death—and Life—of Florence Nightingale, August 1910″	David Rettenmaier	Romsey Embley St. Thomas' Hospital Lea Hurst Crimea
20 Aug 1910	Nightingale ceremony On 20 August 1910, a public ceremony in London and a private burial in Hampshire are organized in Florence Nightingale’s memory. Image: Photograph of Florence Nightingale (1858). This image is in the public domain in the United States as its copyright has expired. Articles Lara Kriegel, “On the Death—and Life—of Florence Nightingale, August 1910″	David Rettenmaier	St. Margaret of Antioch Churchyard, Hampshire Romsey Embley St. Thomas' Hospital Lea Hurst
12 May 1911	Festival of Empire Opening of the Festival of Empire on 12 May 1911. Image: Festival of Empire at the Crystal Palace in South London, taken from the replica Canadian parliament building (1911; author unknown). This image is in the public domain in the United States because its copyright has expired. Located at the Crystal Palace, Sydenham, the Festival of Empire, originally scheduled for 1910 but postponed due to the death of Edward VII, was a physical manifestation of imperial rhetoric. British colonies and dominions were represented by three-quarter size replicas of their Parliamentary buildings housing exhibits of products of those countries as well as scenes recreating the physical environment of select locales, such as a Maori village. The Festival of London, part of the Festival of Empire, featured historical pageants and reinforced London’s role as the chief locus of empire Articles Anne Helmreich, "On the Opening of the Crystal Palace at Sydenham, 10 June 1854" Related Articles Aviva Briefel, "On the 1886 Colonial and Indian Exhibition" Anne Clendinning, “On The British Empire Exhibition, 1924-25″	David Rettenmaier	Crystal Palace, Sydenham

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Timeline

9 Apr 1787

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Jan 1789

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5 May 1789 to 10 Nov 1799

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1792

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1 Jan 1792

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21 Jan 1793

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5 Sep 1793 to 27 Jul 1794

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10 Sep 1797

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Jan 1798

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9 Nov 1799 to 18 Jun 1815

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Jan 1802

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26 May 1805

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Jan 1814

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18 Jun 1815

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Dec 1815

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1 Jan 1818

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12 Jul 1819

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30 Dec 1819

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12 May 1820

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Apr 1823

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27 Jun 1828

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Jan 1829

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26 Jun 1830

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14 Aug 1833

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29 Aug 1833

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