Making the Human/ Inventing Venice

Created by Dino Franco Felluga on Fri, 12/30/2016 - 10:56

Part of Group:

HONR 29900 - Making the Human

This timeline allows students to see important events connected to the transition from Medieval to Renaissance Italy (focussed especially on Venice).

Timeline

Chronological table

Displaying 101 - 150 of 236

Date	Event	Created by	Associated Places
1542	Villa Pisani Bonetti This villa in Bagnolo was built in 1542 by Palladio. This building is significant in Palladio's career because it reflects a turning point in several aspects. Fresh off a trip to Rome a year previous, Palladio architecture begins to reflect his idea of a residence. Yet, this design is far from the Villa that Palladio would go on to describe in The Four Books of Architecture. This building is significant in offering a reference point in the evolution of Palladio. Beyond architecture, this building demonstrates that Palladio is also beginning to attract a wealthy crowd for his services. This information is taken from http://www.visitpalladio.com/en/node/1473/villa-pisani-bonetti.html. The image is taken from Wikimedia Commons, By Hans A. Rosbach - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2411279.	Tim Brunner
1542	Villa Godi This villa, in Lugo di Vicenza, is the first villa created by Palladio. It goes on to be mentioned in his work "The Four Books of Architecture." This reflects Palladio's first attempt at architecture. This villa has elements of a castle, like a small tower, and of roman architecture. This information was taken from http://www.villagodi.com/english/history.html. The image is from wikimedia commons, By Stefan Bauer, http://www.ferras.at - Own work, CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2485535	Tim Brunner
1541	the Last Judgement by Michelangelo Located on the wall of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican, the Last Judgement is a fresco by Italian Renaissance master Michelangelo. The painting shows God’s final judgement of all humanity. The painting depicts God in the middle of a mass of humans, pulling some up to heaven and damning others to hell. God is surrounded by depictions of many famous saints. The work is considered revolutionary because Michelangelo did not depict the figures by their social position, but rather showed everyone in equal standing, bare before God. The piece received mixed reception. Some believed that nude figures should not be shown in such a sacred place. The work took Michelangelo four years to complete. He was commissioned by Pope Clement VII to paint the resurrection, but when the pope died, Pope Paul III believed the Last Judgement was a more fitting subject. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 3.0 Unported License.	Kai Strubel
1540 to 1600	Venetian polychoral style The interior of Basilica San Marco The Venetian polychoral style was a type of music of the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras. It involved spatially separate choirs (cori spezzati) singing in alteration. The style arose from the observed sound delay caused by the distance between the opposing choir lofts in Basilica San Marco, making it difficult for the cori spezzati to sing simultaneously. Composer Adrian Willaert, maestro di cappella of San Marco 1527-1562, solved this problem by writing antiphonal music, where the cori spezzati would sing successive, often contrasting musical lines. The development of this style represented a major stylistic shift from the polyphonic writing of the middle Renaissance to the Baroque era. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_polychoral_style Image source: http://i44.tinypic.com/2lkdypt.jpg (public domain)	Kate Harris
1537	Palladian Window Example of Palladian Window The Palladian window consists of three individual windows: a large, arched window in the middle accompanied by two narrower windows on each side. This style of window was popularized by Andrea Palladio, but the style can be traced back to Sebastiano Serlio in his book L’architettura, written in 1537. Sometimes this style of window is referred to as the Venetian window or Serlian motif. This window was used in European and American architecture after the Renaissance. This information is from Britannica and Lindsay Daniel Architecture. The image is from Wikimedia Commons and is Public Domain.	Nathaniel Gollmer
1533 to 1547	Who Ivan the Terrible Actually Was Ivan the Terrible, actually born Ivan IV Vasilyevich, was the Grand Prince of Moscow from 1533 until his death. Historical records note that Ivan was extremely intelligent, but had mental illnesses and a very short temper. Ivan was able to change the state from a medieval state to an empire and emerging regional power, and then to be crowned the first Tsar of Russia. Additionally, Ivan was a patron of arts and trade and even founded Russia's first publishing house, Moscow Print Yard. Ivan got his nickname because of his bloodthirsty habits and cruel personality.	Mara Kossoff
1530	Paracelsus Develops the Study of Iatrochemistry Iatrochemistry has roots in alchemy, but served as a transition between alchemy and modern medicine as it was popular between approximately 1500 and 1700. Paracelsus was a firm believer in the connection between physical health and the balance of bodily fluids, which led to the development of iatrochemistry. This branch of both chemistry and medicine intended to provide medical solutions in the Renaissance. Image Source: Public Domain, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Celum_philosophorum_...	Ryan Gansemer
circa. 1530 to circa. 1538	Villa Trissino in Cricoli Palladio was first discovered by Trissino while working as a stonemason rebuilding Villa Trissino around 1530. Trissino would then have Palladio study at his academy, which was this very same building. While learning here, Palladio had the opportunity to meet with a variety of people, like the aristocracy of surrounding regions, who would go onto employ him later in life. This information was taken from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andrea-Palladio#ref33636. The image is from Wikimedia commons, from By Hans A. Rosbach - Own work, CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2530227	Tim Brunner
1530	Paracelsus Adds Salt to Create a Trinity of Alchemical Elements Paracelsus added salt to sulphur and mercury to make three elements of alchemy, creating an elemental trinity. In medicine, Paracelsus believed in the importance of the trinity as sulphur represented a combustible element, mercury represented a fluid, changeable element, and salt represeneted a solid, permanent element. He believed that these three elements accurately represented alchemical medicine. Sulphur represented the soul, salt represented the body, and mercury represented the spirit. Image Source: Public Domain, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/DeadSeaIsrael5.jpg	Ryan Gansemer
6 May 1527	Sack of Rome The Sack of Rome (Oil Painting by Johannes Lingelbach) Waged by the army of the Holy Roman Emperor, the conquest of Rome on May 6, 1527 came after a long-term power struggle between the Roman Empire under Charles III and the Papacy under Pope Clement VII, who had allied himself with several Western European powers. Comprised of Spanish and German mercenaries, the Imperial army attacked the much smaller militia force of the Papal states, besieging the poorly defended Roman city in just over a day. Though the Imperial army suffered the loss of Emperor Charles III, who died in the initial assault, they succeeded in reaffirming dominion over the Papacy in Rome. As a display of their power over Papal affairs, the victorious Imperial troops continued to ransack the city for months, desecrating churches and monasteries, and torturing Roman citizens. Ultimately, though the sack of Rome itself was brief, the belief that the moral failures of the Church were to blame for Rome’s fall—the belief that there was a need for Papal reformation—pervaded much of Western Europe for many years to come. (Image Source: Johannes Lingelbach [Public Domain], via Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6632076)	Andrew Natoli
1526	Paracelsus Uses the Name "Zink" Paracelsus named the element zink after its sharp, pointed crystals, which stemmed from the German word "zinke" meaning pointed. He described the new element as tin-like. This element was commonly used in alchemy when the alchemists would burn zinc and collect the product zinc oxide. This discovery laid the foundation for the beginning of the concept of modern chemical elements. Image Source: Public Domain, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Zinc_fragment_sublim...	Ryan Gansemer
1525	Paracelsus Uses Diethyl Ether as an Analgesic While experimenting with various chemicals for medicine, Paracelsus discovered the analgesic properties of diethyl ether. He found these pain-killing properties while performing tests on chickens. This discovery added to the short list of effective drugs of the Renaissance, which included opium and quinine. Image Source: Public Domain, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Paracelsus.jpg	Ryan Gansemer
1524 to 1648	Wars of Religion The Wars of Religion in Europe began after the commencement of the Protestant Reformation in Western and Northern Europe. These Wars of religion were a streak of wars in Europe from 1524-1648. The Wars of Religion were fueled by the religious changes of the period and the rivalries that arose from said changes. Additionally, against common belief, not all of these wars were connected.	Mara Kossoff
1522 to 1524	The Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola were Composed Exercitia spiritualia (1st published ed. of the Spiritual Exercises) As efforts at spiritual reformation surfaced in light of the corruption that had taken hold in the Church throughout Europe, Saint Ignatius of Loyola founded the Society of Jesus, a religious order aimed at obedience and loyalty to the Pope. A Spanish priest and theologian, Ignatius aligned himself with the pro-Catholic counter-reformation movement; however, he did not support the corruptive practices of the Papal clergy. Motivated by a desire to restore the Catholic faith, he composed the Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola, a set of prayers, meditations, and practices designed to help Christians (primarily Catholics) understand the nature of their relationship to God. Split into four thematic week-long sections, this piece of literature is evidence of the religious shift from a focus on the divinity of God to a focus on the significance of the individual in relation to God. (Image Source: St. Ignatius of Loyola (1st. ed.) [Public Domain], via Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3228172)	Andrew Natoli
1521	First Modern-Language Translation of Vitruvius's De Architectura Published: Cesare Cesariano first published an Italian translation of Vitruvius's De Architecture at Como. It was a massive improvement for the work, as it had been inaccessable to many due to its lack of illustrations and difficult-to-read Latin. The translation remedied both, putting it into language readable to the majority of literate individuals in the area and providing a plethora of illustrations that could be referenced. However, it was plagiarized numerous times and eventually forgotten after the 1556 release of Barbaro's translation with Palladio's illustrations. The image is by Cesare Cesariano [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons. As it is in the public domain since the copyright term has passed, it is free to use.	Teresa Ortyl
1520 to 1523	First Printed Talmud Daniel Bomberg, a Belgium that relocated to Venice, was the first to print Hebrew texts in Venice and was also the first in the world to print copies of the Rabbinical Bible and the Talmud, the book of Jewish civil and ceremonial law. As Jews in Venice were not allowed to print or own printing presses by themselves, Bomberg employed several members of the Jewish community to assist him in editing these religious texts. The first editions of the Talmud and Rabbinical Bible, although they are the religious works of Judaism, were printed for everyone to read. Scholars and people of all religions could have access to and study these religious texts that were “fundamental to the development [of] Western culture ("Bound" 2017).” This image is sourced from Wikimedia Commons and is public domain. "Bound in Venice. The First Talmud." PrintedMatter. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Feb. 2017. <http://primolevicenter.org/printed-matter/bound-in-venice-the-first-talm.... "The Talmud: Early Editions." Early Editions - Judaic Treasures. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Feb. 2017. <http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/early-editions-judaic-treasures>.	Laura Titzer
1520 to 1579	Life of Giovanni Antonio Rusconi Giovanni Antonio Rusconi was an architect, engineer translator, and illustrator in Venice. To prepare himself for his career, he studied math at the University of Padova. He spent most of his career as a hydraulic engineer for the Republic of Venice. After noticing errors in Renaissance editions of Vitruvius's works, he set out to translate and provide illustrations for an edition of his own called Della Architettura. However, his translation was not published until 1590, 11 years after his death. His major architectural feats include assisting in the construction of the Palazzo Grimani and the New Prison. The picture is in the public domain, provided by the British Library from its digital collections, and is free for use.	Teresa Ortyl
circa. 1520	Madrigal Vocal Music: A form of vocal chamber music that originated in Italy in the 14th century, but didn't flourish until the Renaissance Period. Often in the beginning of its development, a composer and poet would work together in order to create a composition. It is often set polyphonically in multiple voice parts and originally designed for one voice to sing each part. However, often multiple people would double up on parts to acheive greater sound. These songs were often sung at courtly social gatherings, including meetings of academics. These pieces of music greatly relied on harmoic progressions, something that was very new for the time period.	Justin Chan
31 Oct 1517	Luther's Ninety-Five Theses 95Theses An example of ideas spreading due to the print revolution, the Ninety-Five Theses written by Martin Luther transformed Christianity. Luther, a German monk, vocalized in the theses what he believed was unhealthy about the Catholic Church, including the selling of indulgences and the impersonal, robotic process of sacraments that religion had become. This document sparked the first protestant branch of Christianity. This document adds to the complexity of the Renaissance relationship to Christianity as many aspects of life were becoming more secular. The image is from Wikipedia and is labeled Public Domain.	Barbara McAnulty
1517	Eyeglasses with Concave Lenses All the eyeglasses up till the 16th century were made using convex lenses which were unable to cure near sightedness. This painting by Raphael shows Pope Leo X, one of the first few people to start using concave glasses. Pope Leo X was very near-sighted and used these glasses for hunting. "With them I see better than my companions," are his words. This picture hangs in the Pitti Palace in Florence, where the concave lenses can be seen in his hands. The image is from Wikimedia Commons and is available for public use.	Sahil Lala
1516	La segregazione degli ebrei La segregazione degli ebrei – the world’s first Jewish ghetto – was established on March 29, 1516. Before the establishment of the ghetto, Jews in Venice had only been allowed to live on the mainland, not the Dominant (main city of Venice). It was in 1516, after a war between Venice and French and imperial sources, that the Jews fled the mainland and sought refuge in Venice. However, they still feared persecution in Venice and asked that they be “isolated” for their own protection. Ultimately, the establishment of the ghetto segregated the Jewish community from the rest of Venice but also allowed the Jewish culture to flourish. This image is sourced from the Jewish Museum of Venice.	Laura Titzer
1514 to 1570	Daniele Barbaro Barbaro was an Italian diplomat, cardinal and translator. His main contribution came from translating Vitruvius' De Architectura. In order to translate both the words and drawings, he worked with Palladio. Through this, Palladio was able to practice his drawing and woodworking skills, honing his skills and familiarity with De Architectura. Beyond this, Barbaro served the Republic of Venice in positions such as at the Council of Trent. This information is from http://architectura.cesr.univ-tours.fr/Traite/Notice/Barbaro1556.asp?par... and “A new general biographical dictionary, Volume 3”, Hugh James Rose, Henry John Rose, 1857, pg. 137. The image is from Wikimedia Commons and is from the public domain.	Tim Brunner
1514	Commentariolus published by Copernicus 1514 Commentariolus (Latin for "Small Commentary") was published by Copernicus. This 40-page manuscript set out seven axioms describing aspects of the heliocentric solar system. This included bold statements such as the earth is not the center of the earth, the distance from the sun and earth is only a fraction of the distance from earth to other stars, stars do not move they only appear to because of the earth’s motion. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 3.0 Uported License.	Kai Strubel
1514 to 1564	Life of Andreas Vesalius The only known portrait of Andreas Vesalius Andreas Vesalius was a Flemish physician who studied medicine in Paris, Louvain, and Padua. Though his professors followed the methods of the ancient physician Galen, Vesalius did not agree with this practice. Vesalius believed that the study of human anatomy should be based on visible proof gained from dissecting human bodies, not from Galen’s theories, which were based on the dissection of animals and the ideas of Hippocrates. In 1543, Vesalius published De humani corporis fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human Body), considered by many to be the world’s most influential book of anatomy. The information and image presented here were obtained from: http://www.vesaliusfabrica.com/en/vesalius/biography.html. The image is public domain.	Kate Harris
1512 to 1597	The Life of Antonio da Ponte: Antonio da Ponte was an architect and engineer who worked in Venice. His most notable work was rebuilding the Rialto bridge out of stone. To earn this project, he defeated famous architects like Palladio and Sansovino in a design contest for the bridge. Other works of note are rebuilding the Doge's palace after part of it was damaged in a fire and assisting in building the New Prison. On some of his projects, including the Rialto bridge, he worked with his nephew, Antonio Contin, who would later take over building the New Prison after da Ponte's death.	Teresa Ortyl
1512	The Medici Family Returns from Exile Niccoló Machiavelli was a diplomat in Florence for 14 years while the Medici family was in exile, and attempted to organize a militia against their return. After being found out, he was tortured and jailed, giving him time to step outside the world of politics. Roman history and philosophy inspired authorship of The Prince, a book he wrote during his time outside of politics. This work incorporates values from both the old and new paradigms that were being defined during his era. From the old values, an idolization of cunning and deceitfulness as displayed in the Odyssey. From the new, the idea that destiny is something that can be controlled by decision making rather than falling to the power of fate. His ideas on establishing order and rule may be summed up in this quote from The Prince, "Since love and fear can hardly exist together, if we must choose between them, it is far safer to be feared than loved."	Hannah Mylin
1510 to 1574	Life of Bartolomeo Eustachi Portrait of Bartolomeo Eustachi Eustachi studied medicine in Rome and Padua. He spent most of his professional career in Rome where he taught anatomy, performed autopsies and dissections, and served as the physician to the Duke of Urbino and eventually the Cardinal Giulio Della Rovere. He was a supporter of Galenic anatomy, unlike his contemporary, Vesalius. He studied the anatomy of the internal ear and correctly described the tube that now bears his name (the Eustachian tube). By 1552, Eustachi had drawn and engraved 47 plates showing the human anatomy he had investigated; however, only 8 plates were printed with text during his lifetime. The unpublished plates were not discovered until the 18th century by Giovanni Maria Lancisi, who proceeded to publish the remaining plates with text in 1714 under the title Tabulae anatomicae Bartholomaei Eustachii. Had his entire collection of plates been published during his lifetime, it is probable that both Eustachi and Vesalius would be recognized as the cofounders of modern human anatomy, as opposed to only Vesalius. Sources: http://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu/treasures/bartolomeo-eustachi-1520-1574/ & https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/historicalanatomies/eustachi_bio.html & https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolomeo_Eustachi Image source: Wikimedia commons (public domain).	Kate Harris
30 Nov 1508 to 19 Aug 1580	Life of Andrea Palladio Andrea Palladio was born in Padua but moved to Venice when he was still in his youth. Thirteen-year-old Andrea Palladio was an apprentice to a Venetian stonemason before being taken into a Classical education setting by mentor Gian Giorgio Trissino. Throughout his career, Palladio was responsible for many famous Italian structures, including the Teatro Olimpico theatre, Il Redentore church, and Villa Rotunda home. Palladio spread his genius by reproducing his work in several books in Italian, which made his expertise accessible to a large audience. His most famous publication was Quattro Libri. This image is from Wikipedia and is labeled Public Domain.	Barbara McAnulty		Padua (Padova)
1508 to 1512	Painting of Sistine Chapel An addition to the Vatican complex, the Sistine Chapel was built for Pope Sixtus IV from 1477-1480. From 1508 to 1512, Michelangelo was commissioned by Pope Julius II to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. Michelangelo depicted several scenes from the Bible, including the iconic The Creation of Adam. This Renaissance artwork is an example of the growing complexity of art to include depth and even optical illusions as Michelangelo realized that the curved nature of the ceiling would add a unique dimension to his work. The method/materials Michelangelo used were fresco plaster and paint. The image on the timeline, which shows the overall plan of the ceiling, is licensed under Creative Commons and is Public Domain in the USA according to Wikipedia.	Barbara McAnulty
circa. 1506 to circa. 1519	Da Vinci and the Human Heart As an architect-engineer, Leonardo da Vinci was interested in the relationship between mechanics and human anatomy. He was particularly fascinated by the heart and the flow of blood. Da Vinci was the first to describe the heart as a muscle and a four-chambered organ. He also described the mechanics of blood flow through the chambers, with the atria contracting together and the ventricles relaxing together, and vice versa. Most impressive were his observations of the aortic valve. He utilized a self-constructed glass model of a bovine heart filled with grass seeds suspended in water. He observed vortices at the root of the aorta and correctly hypothesized that the vortices helped close the aortic valve. Because these drawings and notes were never published, this functioning of the valve remained unknown until 1968, when two Oxford engineers published a paper in Nature describing this mechanism, with their only reference being da Vinci’s illustrations and notes of the heart. Sources: http://ac.els-cdn.com/0003497591913712/1-s2.0-0003497591913712-main.pdf?_tid=1fd6a60c-f321-11e6-a0d5-00000aacb362&acdnat=1487123607_d89b02d75d9aff4411c0efe55fc1520a & http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20130828-leonardo-da-vinci-the-anatomist Image source: https://leonardodavinci.stanford.edu/projects/anatomy/heart1.jpg and it is in public domain.	Kate Harris
1505 to 20 Nov 1585	Life of Thomas Tallis: Born in 1505, Thomas Tallis was an important English composer and largely influenced English music by introducing polyphonic music. His early life is not documented well, and there is nothing known about his education. All that is known is that he appeared in various places in performance, including being a member of the Chapel Royal. He was the mentor of William Byrd, and together in 1577 they were granted the monopoly for printing music in England, a first at the time. One of his greatest works was Miserere nostri. It demonstrated a mastery over the art of counterpoint, and heavily used canon throughout it. Tallis died on November 20, 1585. Image Source: Britannica.com	Justin Chan
The start of the month Sep 1504	Statue of David Unveiled to the Public The statue of Biblical hero David stands 17 feet tall. It is a masterpiece of Renaissance artist Michelangelo. He worked on it from 1501 to 1504. It was commissioned as one of many statues of prophets to be placed along the roofline of the east end of Florence Cathedral, but instead was placed in a public square outside the Palazzo della Signoria on its completion. To Florence, the statue stands as a symbol of their bold spirit and fight to preserve civil liberties. The statue was positioned so the eyes of David glared towards Rome in defiance. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 3.0 Uported License.	Kai Strubel
1501	Development of Italics Italics are first introduced in a volume of Virgil printed by the Aldine Press. The style was created by Francesco Griffo and was meant to mimic the handwritten style used in papal chanceries of this time period. Originally, the type face of ‘italics’ was only developed in lowercase letters and combined with the ‘regular’ uppercase Roman typeface. This edition of Virgil is also the first edition of a non-religious book to be printed in the “pocket,” or octavo, style that could be carried around in one’s pocket. Scholars could now carry and study Virgil and other classics at any time. This image is sourced from Wikimedia Commons and is public domain.	Laura Titzer
1501	Harmonice Musices Odhecaton A page of the Odhecaton displaying the four parts: Soprano, Alto, Tenor, and Bass. The Harmonice Musices Odhecaton (One Hundred Songs of Harmonic Music) was a collection of polyphonic Franco-Flemish songs published in 1501 by Venetian printer Ottaviano Petrucci. It was the first book of polyphonic music printed using movable type. Petrucci printed two parts on the right-hand page and two parts on the left-hand page, which allowed four singers or instrumentalists to read from the same sheet. The triple-impression technique was used during the printing process, in which the musical staff was printed first, followed by the text, and then the music notes. The Odhecaton was hugely influential in publishing and in the dissemination of Franco-Flemish musical style. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonice_Musices_Odhecaton Image source: Wikimedia Commons (public domain)	Kate Harris
circa. 1500	Glasses available to the general public Before the invention of the Gutenbergs' printing press, visual aids were used only by religious monks and scholars. After the widespread distribution of manuscripts and books among the general public, the demand for eyeglasses increased. By 1500, spectacle peddlers were a common sight. They carried baskets of single wire German made spectacles which people would rummage through in order to find the right pair. The image is from Wikimedia Commons and is free to use.	Sahil Lala
circa. 1500	Fantasia Music: Fantasia was a music style that became more popular in the 16th century. It derives its name from the word fantasy, which signifies the absense of structure. Practically, this meant composing songs of varying length that were specifically created for an instrument. This style of composition gained more fame in the Baroque and Classical time periods, when purely instrumental music became more popular, with composition masters such as Mozart and Beethoven creating beautiful pieces of music.	Justin Chan
1500	da Vinci's Scuba Gear Leonardo da Vinci sketched his designs for scuba gear that would allow divers to breathe underwater and attack enemies from under their ships. Venice is surrounded by water, so it is very succeptible to attacks from enemies by ship. While Leonardo da Vinci was living there, he came up with the concept for soldiers to wear these underwater suits, which was a new category for war weapons. The suits were made with face masks to see, breathing tubes that were connected to a floating device for air, and ropes and other weapons can be carried along on the suit. His designs were carefully thought out, where they include metal pieces connecting the tubes to withstand high water pressure, and a pouch for unrine, since divers were anticipated to be submerged for a longer period of time. Picture source: British Library Online Gallery, Leonardo's diving apparatus design. http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/leonardo/diving.html	Juliana Ilmain
1 Feb 1499	St. Mark's Clock Revealed After three years of planning, demolition, and construction, the Clock Tower was completed and revealed to the public. According to Venetian legend, the monument was so beautiful that the doge wanted to prevent the clockmaker from creating another like it, so the doge blinded him. The structure portrayed a different style of architecture than the rest of St. Mark's Square, which was mostly designed in the 12th century. The Tower stood alone for more than ten years, and it became a focal point for Venice. The image is of the Tower in 1500. Image by Jacopo de' Barbari (1460/1470–before 1516) [Public domain or CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons	Mikaela Meyer
1499 to 1998	Custodians Live in St. Mark's Clock Tower In 1499, the Venetian Government wanted to ensure the clock could be consistently maintained. To do so, they made the decision to have a custodian, or a "temperatore," and his family live in the Clock Tower. The custodian was paid to keep the clock functioning properly. Custodians and their families lived in the Clock Tower until 1998. The last Clock custodian was Alberto Peratoner. The custodian and his family lived behind the clock's face; windows can be seen in the four corners of the clock's face as Dr. Felluga mentioned in class. Image By Tony Hisgett from Birmingham, UK (Clock Tower St Mark's Square 4 Uploaded by tm) [CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons	Mikaela Meyer
23 May 1498	Girolamo Savonarola was Executed for Criticisms of the Church Painting of Savonarola's Execution in the Piazza della Signoria In an effort to escape the corruption of the world around him, Girolamo Savonarola—who was about 23 at the time—withdrew from society and enrolled in a Dominican monastery in Bologna, Italy. After a few years, he relocated to a convent in Florence, where, despite failure in initial attempts at preaching, he grew in popularity as a preacher who spoke openly and passionately about the nature of God’s wrath. He spoke out against the hedonistic tendencies of the clergy and the vanity of mankind, refusing to be silenced by the powerful Papal and political figures that threatened him. After having been summoned to Rome twice in 1495 by Pope Alexander VI, who demanded that Savonarola not speak out publicly in criticism of the corrupt Papacy, Savonarola refused to submit to authority of the Church and was excommunicated. He continued to attend Mass and to rebel against the corruption of the Church, sparking public outrage that resulted in his torture. Having confessed to crimes he had not committed, Savonarola was convicted falsely of heresy and was hanged on May 23, 1498. (Image Source: Anonymous [Public Domain], via Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1183710)	Andrew Natoli
1498	Michaelangelo’s Pieta Finished This sculpture depicts Mary holding the body of Jesus Christ after the Crucifixion. The work was commissioned by French Cardinal Jean de Bilheres. It was meant to serve as the cardinal’s funeral monument, but was moved to St. Peter’s Basilica in Vatican City. The sculpture was created by Renaissance artist Michelangelo Buonarroti at age 25. It is the only piece Michelangelo ever signed. He finished the piece in under two years. The statue is six feet long and nearly as tall, sculpted out of Carrara marble. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 3.0 Uported License.	Kai Strubel
1496	St. Mark's Clock Tower Construction Begins The Senate commissioned for the clock to be built in 1493 because the old clock of Sant'Alipio was deteriorating. Zuan Carlo Rainieri was tasked with creating the clock. Planning was time-consuming, and construction did not begin until a few years later. Though the image is from another turret clock in Venice, it dates back to 1500, which makes it approximately the same age as the St. Mark's Clock Tower. Image By Didier Descouens (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons	Mikaela Meyer
1495	First Edition from the Aldine Press The first book from the Aldine Press, the Erotemata of Constantine Lascaris, was printed and released in 1495. The Erotemata was also the first book to be printed entirely in Greek. This began the dynasty in Venice of the Aldine Press that began with its founder, Aldus Manutius. This image is a page from the Erotemata and is sourced from byu.edu.	Laura Titzer
1495 to 1495	Leonardo's Mechanical Knight In 1495 Leonardo da Vinci designed a knight that was operated by pulleys and cables. This robot-like machine, later referred to as Leonardo’s mechanical knight, was designed to independently sit, stand, raise its visor, and maneuver its arms. The design is thought to be partially a result of da Vinci’s anatomic research. Image is a model of the mechanical knight design. Photo by Erik Möller. Leonardo da Vinci. Mensch - Erfinder - Genie exhibit, Berlin 2005. - Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=395321	Susannah Pritchett-Montavon
1494	Establishment of the Aldine Press Aldus Manutius established the Aldine Press in Venice in 1494. The press would go on to print numerous works of Classics, works in Greek and even volumes to assist scholars in the study and translation of Greek works. The Aldine Press can be credited for preserving many Greek and Latin works that would have otherwise been lost after the fall of Constantinople. It is estimated that the Aldine Press produced over 1,000 editions between 1495 and 1595. This image is sourced from ilab.org. Eisenstein, E. (1982). The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.	Laura Titzer
12 Oct 1492	Christopher Columbus Discovers the "New World" On October 12th, 1492, Christopher Columbus and his crew finally saw land, which they thought was India but was actually the Americas. They had been at sea for 10 weeks, so the sight of land was huge relief for the crew. This was critical event as it considered Europe’s most noteworthy interaction with people not located in Afro-Eurasia. This began the European idea of exploration of new lands for resources and eventually colonization. This information came from www.americaslibrary.gov. This photo is from Wikimedia Commons and is free to share.	Nathaniel Gollmer
11 Aug 1492 to 18 Aug 1503	Rodrigo Borgia Reigns as Pope Alexander VI Pope Alexander VI Though corruption had long had its foothold in the Papacy, it was not until the reign of Rodrigo Borgia as Pope Alexander VI that the depths of corruption in the Church became readily apparent. Having served as a Cardinal at the Vatican for 30 years prior to his election (during which time the supposedly celibate clergyman had several mistresses and fathered at least four children), Borgia leveraged his political influence for his benefit. He worked to build on his family’s economic and political successes, resorting to bribing clergymen to achieve his ends and to marrying away his daughter Lucrezia several times in repeated attempts to forge beneficial alliances. Furthermore, he often used the Church’s wealth to feed his hedonistic desires, paying for plays, lavish banquets, and personal parties and masquerades with Church funds at the expense of social and evangelical reform. Such materialism and corruption in the Church led to sparked distrust and caused many believers to question not only the leadership of the Church, but also the value of prayer and of religion as a whole. (Image Source: Cristofano dell'Altissimo [Public Domain], via Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4587671)	Andrew Natoli
1490	Vitruvian Man Vitruvian Man is a famous drawing done in ink that brings together the art of anatomy and mathematics. The artist Leonardo da Vinci made this based on the writings of Vitruvius, a Roman architect, author and engineer. His works described the exact measurements and proportions of the human body, which was applied to da Vinci's art. Two images of a man standing in a square and a circle are superimposed. The geometry of the art has every part of the body measured, with notes alongside from Vitruvius' work. This demonstrates his close attention to proportion and the blend between art and science. Image source: Wikimedia commons, Vitruvian Man. Listed as public domain in the United States because it is a photographic reproduction of a public domain work of art.	Juliana Ilmain
1490 to 1576	Tiziano (Titian) Vecelli Tiziano Vecelli was born around 1490 and died in 1576 and was one of the most important artists in Venice, especially in the Venice school of art. He often went just by the name of Titian. In Padua in 1511, Titian’s true talent of fresco painting was shown and was later commissioned to finish many of the frescos in Venice that had been started by Giovanni Bellini. In 1521, Titian did the St. Sebastian figure. In 1528 he was actually fired by the government in Venice because they were unhappy with his work. In 1576, the plague killed Titan. This information is form www.titian-tizianovecellio.org. This photo is from Wikimedia Commons and is free to share.	Nathaniel Gollmer
1489	Venice Annexs Cyprus In 1489, Venice began its control of the island of Cyprus located in the eastern Mediterranean. Cyprus in addition to the other Greek Islands were very essential to Venice's large merchant and naval fleet as the islands were used for supply routes and strategic points. The island of Cyprus added to Venice's wealth and power. Also, the island of Cyprus provided Venice with goods of cotton, sugar, and salt. Source: http://www.venicethefuture.com/schede/uk/169?aliusid=169 This work is in the public domain in its country of origin and other countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 70 years or less.	Jacob Hussey

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